They are sporangium of a bryophyte.

An interesting fact is that those stalks and leaf-like parts underneath has different ploidy; while the leaf-like parent part are haploid, the sporangium bearing stalks are diploid. Quite diffrent from vascular plants, which has diploid sporophyte as dominant generation phase.

Another interesting fact is that lichens are actually not single organisms, but fungus and algae growing together in a symbiotic relationship. While the symbiosis aids their survival, it is not always necessary for them.

Those are pretty interesting facts there, especially about how the location of the haploid and diploid cells are in the different locations than other plants. Lichen is an interesting sort of symbiosis. Fantastic how these organisms evolve and how they form relationships with each other. :D